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đȘ The jobs number is always wrong
But 'correct' is the enemy of 'useful'


The jobs number is always wrong
The 2004 edition of the Economic Report of the president included a creative proposal it hoped the statistical agencies would consider: reclassifying fast-food cooks as manufacturing workers.
''When a fast-food restaurant sells a hamburger,â the report asked, âis it providing a 'service' or is it combining inputs to 'manufacture' a product?''
I hear you snickering, but it did make some fair points.
The report noted, for example, that âmixing water and concentrate to produce soft drinks is classified as manufacturingâ â so why shouldnât assembling a hamburger count, too?
The answer lies in the Census Bureauâs definition of manufacturing, which the job counters at the BLS follow: âthe mechanical, physical, or chemical transformation of materials, substances, or components into new products.â
Heating a frozen hamburger patty does indeed create a âchemical transformationâ â heat causes a burgerâs proteins to unfold and reconfigure in ways that irreversibly change it.
(You can freeze and melt a soda as many times as you like and still drink it, but try that with a burger and youâll regret it.)
It would be a stretch, however, to argue that heating a burger transforms it into a ânew product,â so itâs no surprise that the BLS continued to categorize burger flippers as service workers.
If the BLS rejected the White Houseâs suggestion on its merits, everyone else rejected it on its politics â a transparent attempt by the White House to make the manufacturing sector look healthier than it was.
It wasnât the first time the seemingly mundane process of counting jobs became a political flashpoint.
In 1971, the Nixon White House shut down BLS press briefings after the agency unenthusiastically described a 0.2% drop in unemployment as only âmarginally significantâ (the Secretary of Labor described the same data as âof great significanceâ).
A month later, a statistical error caused the BLS to overstate a further drop in unemployment, this time raising fears that the White House was manipulating the data to make the economy seem better than it was.
Investigations found no evidence of political influence on the jobs data, but the OMB nevertheless responded by issuing a directive that tightly restricted early access to the data for political appointees.
More surprisingly, there have also been accusations that the White House manipulated jobs data to make the economy look worse than it was.
In 1961, Readerâs Digest published an article accusing the Kennedy White House of using data techniques to âmagnify the unemployment problemâ as a pretext for more government spending and regulation.
Again, an investigation found no basis for the claim.
A similar investigation in 1944 dismissed similar claims that the BLS had "obsequiously acquiesced" to White House demands to understate inflation, with the goal of keeping wages down too (while the government had war-time powers to set wages).
All of these unfortunate episodes are recounted on the BLS website, which highlights just how much precedent there is behind President Trumpâs new accusations of political bias at the non-partisan agency.
In fact, his shock decision to fire Erika McEntarfer wasnât even the first time a BLS commissioner lost their job for political reasons.
In 1932, Ethelbert Stewart was âinvoluntarily retiredâ as head of the BLS for publicly disagreeing with the Hoover administrationâs rosy portrayal of the Depression-era labor market.
In response, The San Francisco News opined that "in the city named for George Washington, it seems they fire people for telling the truth."
Now, by contrast, McEntarfer has been fired for the gravest form of not telling the truth: statistics.
On Friday, President Trump accused the BLS commissioner of âmiscalculationsâ that he is sure were politically motivated.
But every jobs report is a miscalculation â by design.
When the BLS reported on Friday that the US economy had added 73,000 jobs in July, McEntafer and everyone involved with the number knew it was wrong.
Like every month, Julyâs report was based on incomplete data: The BLS doesnât wait for all 121,000 surveyed employers to respond.
Instead, it goes with what itâs got at the end of the month â typically just 60% or so of what itâd like to have â and then updates its models as additional responses trickle in afterwards.
But even with all the data in, itâs still just an estimate based on a lot of assumptions.
Without adjusting for seasonality, for example, the BLS would have reported that the US economy lost 1,066,000 jobs in July.
The difference between 1,066,000 and the 73,000 that everyone thinks of as âtheâ number of jobs created in July is just one measure of how âwrong" the BLSâ model is.
âAll models are wrong,â as statistician George Box famously said, âbut some are useful."
The BLS model that comes up with a monthly jobs number is one of the useful ones â an early warning system that allows businesses, investors and the Federal Reserve to adjust to the direction of the job market.
The true size of the job market wonât be known until everyone reports their taxes in a year or so, as Iâm sure the president is aware.
But the president also seems acutely aware of the power of numbers to affect our perception of reality.
A hamburger, for example, is far more than its calorie count: Itâs protein, a night out with friends and a piece of culture, too.
But the moment you read "1,600 calories" on the menu, a bacon cheeseburger becomes something else entirely: judgment. Liability. Guilt.
Numbers often wield more power than the reality they attempt to represent, so we should of course try to get them correct.
Thatâs especially true with economic data, where feedback loops can cause the perception of a slowing economy to become the reality of a recession.
But with high-frequency data like non-farm payrolls, correct is the enemy of useful.
And always has been.
â Byron Gilliam

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